Pauses in Speech and Writing

Pauses in Speech and Writing In phonetics, a pause is a break in speaking; a moment of silence. Adjective: pausal. Pauses and Phonetics In phonetic analysis, a double vertical bar (||) is used to represent a distinct pause. In direct speech (in both fiction and nonfiction), a pause is conventionally indicated in writing by ellipsis points (. . .) or a dash (- ). Pauses in Fiction Gwen raised her head and spoke haltingly, fighting back tears. He told me Tuesday there was too much damage . . . She wiped her wet face with her fingers. But he wants to send her to a specialist in Memphis. (John Grisham, A Time to Kill. Wynwood Press, 1989)Anyone who is guilty of such practices . . ., he paused for effect, leaning forward and staring at the congregation, . . . anyone in town . . ., he turned and looked behind him, at the monks and nuns in the choir, . . . or even in the priory . . . He turned back. I say, anyone guilty of such practices should be shunned.He paused for effect.And may God have mercy on their souls. (Ken Follett, World Without End. Dutton, 2007) Pauses in Drama Mick: You still got that leak.Aston: Yes.Pause.Its coming from the roof.Mick: From the roof, eh?Aston: Yes.Pause.Ill have to tar it over.Mick: Youre going to tar it over?Aston: Yes.Mick: What?Aston: The cracks.Pause.Mick: Youll be tarring over the cracks on the roof.Aston: Yes.Pause.Mick: Think thatll do it?Aston: Itll do it, for the time being.Mick: Uh.Pause.  (Harold Pinter,  The Caretaker. Grove Press, 1961) The pause is a pause because of what has just happened in the minds and guts of the characters. They spring out of the text. Theyre not formal conveniences or stresses but part of the body of the action. (Harold Pinter in Conversations With Pinter by Mel Gussow. Nick Hern Books, 1994) Pauses in Public Speaking If you prefer to read your speech, make sure to pause frequently, take a breath, look up, and scan the audience. . . .Besides allowing you to fill your lungs with air, pausing also allows the audience to absorb the spoken words and create pictures in their own minds. The habit of pausing eliminates the dreaded um and err and adds emphasis to your last point. (Peter L. Miller, Speaking Skills for Every Occasion. Pascal Press, 2003) Pauses in Conversation There are even rules about silence. It has been said that, in a conversation between two English speakers who are not close friends, a silence of longer than four seconds is not allowed (which means that people become embarrassed if nothing is said after that time- they feel obliged to say something, even if it is only a remark about the weather.) (Peter Trudgill, Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th ed. Penguin, 2000) Types and Functions of Pauses A distinction has been drawn between silent pauses and filled pauses (e.g. ah, er), and several functions of pause have been established, e.g. for breathing, to mark grammatical boundaries, and to provide time for the planning of new material. Pauses which have a structural function (juncture pauses) are distinguished from those involved in hesitation (hesitation pauses). Investigations of pausal phenomena have been particularly relevant in relation to developing a theory of speech production. In grammar, the notion of potential pause is sometimes used as a technique for establishing word units in a language- pauses being more likely at word boundaries than within words. (David Crystal, Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 6th ed. Blackwell, 2008) Systematic pausing . . . performs several functions: marking syntactic boundaries;allowing the speaker time to forward plan;providing semantic focus (a pause after an important word);marking a word or phrase rhetorically (a pause before it);indicating the speakers willingness to hand over the speech turn to an interlocutor. The first two are closely connected. For the speaker, it is efficient to construct forward planning around syntactic or phonological units (the two may not always coincide). For the listener this carries the benefit that syntactic boundaries are often marked. (John Field, Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts. Routledge, 2004) Lengths of Pauses Pausing also gives the speaker time to plan an upcoming utterance (Goldman-Eisler, 1968; Butcher, 1981; Levelt, 1989). Ferreira (1991) showed that speech planning-based pauses are longer before more complex syntactic material, whereas what she terms timing-based pauses (after already spoken material), tend to reflect prosodic structure. There is also a relationship between pause placement, prosodic structure, and syntactic disambiguation across a range of languages (e.g., Price et al., 1991; Jun, 2003). In general, tasks that require greater cognitive load on the speaker or that require them to perfom a more complex task other than reading from a prepared script result in longer pauses . . .. For example, Grosjean and Deschamps (1975) found that pauses are more than twice as long during description tasks (1,320 ms) than during interviews (520 ms) . . .. (Janet Fletcher, The Prosody of Speech: Timing and Rhythm. The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, 2nd ed., edited by William J. Hardcast le, John Laver, and Fiona E. Gibbon. Blackwell, 2013) The Lighter Side of Pauses: Joke-Telling [A] critical feature in the style of all stand-up comedians is a pause after the delivery of the punch line, during which the audience laughs. The comic usually signals the onset of this critical pause with marked gestures, facial expressions, and altered voice intonation. Jack Benny was known for his minimalist gestures, but they were still discernible, and worked wonderfully. A joke will fail if the comic rushes to his next joke, providing no pause for audience laughter (premature ejokulation)- this is comedys recognition of the power of the punctuation effect. When the comic continues too soon after delivery of his punch line, he not only discourages, and crowds-out, but neurologically inhibits audience laughter (laftus interruptus). In show-biz jargon, you dont want to step on your punch line. (Robert R. Provine, Laughter: A Scientific Investigation. Viking, 2000)

Planning question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Planning question - Essay Example The First Cellnatian Five Year Plan has been in existence for over four decades. This means that not only the country is new but that its infrastructure and its plans are in its developmental stages. It has, however, been in the trade business for centuries so that as an entity it has existed although under the wing of Great Network. Cellularnet had a baseline it could either emulate or restructure given their idiosyncrasies. Given that there are three ethnic groups: Cellchatters, Celltexters, and Cellsurfers they tend to live in harmony. The Cellchatters live in traditional villages and work in agriculture; the Celltexters dominate the economy; and, the Cellsurfers are comprised of professionals and skilled workers that work in the plantations. The country’s revenues are US$30.6 billion and its expenditures are US$36 billion. Its public debt is 42 percent of the GDP which is $308.8 million and its per capita is $12,709. Their unemployment rate is 3.5 percent and its population is below the poverty line at 18 percent. Within their social structure in 2000, 88.6 percent of the homes had an improved water source in the urban area while in the rural area it was 78.1 percent. This means that they had reasonable access (at least 20 litres a person a day from a source within a kilometre of the dwelling) to an adequate amount of water from an improved source (household connection, public standpipe, borehole, protected well or spring, rainwater collection). Sanitation improved as well, 80.8 percent in the urban area and 53.9 percent in the rural area (vendors, tanker trucks, unprotected wells and springs). The healthcare system in Cellularnet has a hierarchical or a pyramidal structure. The village health stations are the backbone of the Cellularnet Primary Health Care System (PHCS) and they serve between 10000 to 20000 people (please check these figures, or is it 100000 to 200000?). Health care is offered according to

Margin of Appreciation and National Security Essay

Margin of Appreciation and National Security - Essay Example Finally, the third generation of solidarity rights includes the collective rights to political self-determination and economic development†. Human rights help to protect people everywhere from political, legal and social abuses. The statements of human rights are addressed to governments, requiring compliance and enforcement on their part. Human rights deal with how people should be treated by governments and institutions. They are not moral norms applying to interpersonal conduct. According to Thomas Pogge, "to engage human rights, conduct must be in some sense official"3. Human rights apply to all countries and all people. The duties and responsibilities of ensuring human rights to a citizen are bestowed on the government of the country in which the person is located. â€Å"The international community is characterized by diversity, which is the cause of much controversy in the international human rights system since it stresses the universality of human rights.†4,5 In such a situation, the European Court for Human Rights (ECtHR or Court) enunciated a doctrine that allowed States a certain extent of latitude in the exercise of human rights according to the prevailing situation.6 This is known as the doctrine of margin of appreciation, different from the discretion allowed by the European Convention on Protection of Human Rights (ECHR or Convention) to member states in implementing human rights in internal laws.7 The Court places reliance on the doctrine of margin of appreciation to evaluate states’ extent of interference in human rights, particularly in situations where the rights are in conflict with the needs of the community. In the European context, the doctrine has assumed much greater importance in accommodating the prevailing d iversity by deciding on common perceptions applicable to all and allowing for diversity based on cultural and other factors. The doctrine is observed to have many similarities with the rational basis  test used in the American context.

Consumer influence on Companys Production Process Essay - 23

Consumer influence on Companys Production Process - Essay Example This act of consumers contributing their ideas in the production process is what is referred to in this article as co-production. Some researchers refer to co-creation and co-production as almost meaning the same thing (Lusch & Obrien, 2006). This essay is going to be aimed at summarizing the trend that is now taking place in production processes. Consumers have identified that they need to play a role throughout the production process from conception of a product, its production, marketing, to final consumption stage. Marketers have also realized the need to incorporate the other players in co-production with examples being evidenced by the number of engagement marketers have with consumers. The example is the case of Kao Corporation, the makers of Ban deodorant, with an attempt to capture the input from customers in the marketing process, held a contest asking girls and young women to create print advertisements that would resonate with other consumers (Vranica, 2005). It is reported that the contest drew thousands of entries, thereby adding to the fact that consumers are willing to participate in the product marketing. This trend where collaboration exists between producers and consumers has resulted in the struggle to control the product. Producers are now in a dilemma on how, and how much of their production should be left to the manipulation by consumers. They already know that consumers are continuously becoming a force to reckon with in production process and ignoring them is just like coating a disaster. Through virtual communities, consumers have continued to analyze products thoroughly resulting in a success or complete flop of the same depending on whether the product meets their expectations or not.

Effects of Colonial America Essay Example for Free

Effects of Colonial America Essay Despite the fact the regions of New England and the Chesapeake Bay were settled by people of English origin, the two areas evolved into two different societies. The changes in the formation of colonial America occurred because of the motivations for settlement, economic opportunities in the area, and the structure of towns and cities differed among the settlers. The New England colonies’ were established from the motivation of religious freedom and to cleanse the English church, while the Chesapeake region was settled to make a profit in the mother country, England. The New England colonies began with the settlement of the pilgrims likewise known as the Puritans. The Puritans first emerged in England, to escape religious persecution and to cleanse themselves of the corrupt English church the Puritans fled to the New England region The Puritans feared what the future of England held in store, so the majority of them immigrated with their families to New England all around the same time, which is known today as the great migration. This led the New England colonies to be primarily family based. On the other hand, the Chesapeake Bay colonies’ were founded quite differently. The Chesapeake settlers’ motivation in settlement was result of the poor economic conditions in England. Immigrants hoped for a better life and better economic standing in the new world. The majority of these immigrants were single men who came over as indentured servants, and served for five to seven years before being released as a free man. This in turn lead the Chesapeake region to be entirely male dominate. In addition to indentured servants, wealthy men also immigrated to the new world in hopes to find gold, but instead found an item worth far greater, tobacco. This discovery of tobacco in the fertile soils of the Chesapeake caused the complete dividing point in the foundation of the Chesapeake and the New English opportunities in the area. Because of the perfect conditions the area of the Chesapeake posed, tobacco became the largest profit for the mother county, England. Tobacco was known as the gold of Virginia, which was the first Chesapeake colony. England, having realized the importance of tobacco fought for control over these colonies and succeeded, making the Chesapeake apart of royal colonies of the New World. On the very contrast were the New England colonies that didn’t have the right condition to profit from the growing of tobacco, so instead wealthy merchants traded with the Indians to obtain furs and other needed items. This resulted in New England not to become targeted as a resource by England’s crown. Thus New England did not become part of the royal colonies such as the Chesapeake did. This in turn made the New England colonies more suitable for families to settle and establish homes and churches. With the immigration of families into the New England society, the establishment of towns and cities resulted in a stark contrast to the Chesapeake Bay colonies. Returning to the Puritan families, the settlement of groups of families caused towns and cities to be built, with the church creating religious principals. The living conditions made it ideal for families to reside and because of this birth rate and survival were higher in New England. The establishment of towns created a more stable foundation for the New England colonies. Never the less, the lack of families in the Chesapeake region caused a deficiency of towns to be built. This in return caused little social unity and no stable family life. Men outnumbered women in the region and the high death rate in this area caused large numbers of single men, widows, and orphans. Without the establishment of towns, large tobacco plantations became the soul of the Chesapeake. This resulted in very distinct societies of the Chesapeake and New England. All things considered, the contrast of the Chesapeake and New England societies is marked by motivation for settlement, thus shown in the types of immigrants’ beliefs. In addition, the area also gave a startling impact to how the land was settled, which resulted in the making of towns verses the running of large plantations. Even though the setters all came from the same place, these slight differences made a huge impact in the Chesapeake and New England colonies.

Animal Farm, by George Orwell Essay -- Animal Farm Essays

The main purpose of satire is to attack, and intensely criticise the target subject. This is superbly carried out in the classic piece of satire, Animal Farm. The main targets at the brunt of this political satire are the society that was created in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, and the leaders involved in it. George Orwell successfully condemns these targets through satirical techniques such as irony, fable, and allegory. The immediate object of attack in Orwell's political satire is the society that was created in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. The events narrated in Animal Farm obviously and continuously refer to events in another story, the history of the Russian Revolution. In other words, Animal Farm is not only a charming fable ("A Fairy Story," as Orwell playfully subtitles it) and a bitter political satire; it is also an allegory. The main target of this allegory is Stalin, represented by Napoleon the pig. He represents the human fr ailties of any revolution. Orwell believed that although socialism is a good ideal, it could never be successfully adopted due to uncontrollable sins of human nature. For example, although Napoleon seems at first to be a good leader, he is eventually overcome by greed and soon becomes power-hungry. Of course Stalin did too in Russia, leaving the original equality of socialism behind, giving him all the power and living in luxury while the common pheasant suffered. Orwell explains: â€Å"Somehow it s...

Energy Research Essay - Coal -- Energy Research Essays

Energy Research Essay - Coal First of all, coal can be classified in many different classes. One way is known as coal rank. Coal rank is a measure of degree of change (metamorphosis) from the peat stage. The ranks range from low rank to high rank. These are called lignite, subituminous, bituminous, and anthracite. Heating value and sulfur content reach maximum values at the bituminous coal rank. This stage contains very important environmental implications. Low ranking coal (eg lignite) releases a smoky flame when ignited. Ignition is also easy. High rank coal (eg antracite) has a clean flame and difficult ignition. Coal contains minerals These are organic constituents derived from different parts of plants. An environmental analysis of coal shows it contain...